Dabarun Hakar Ma'adinai Mafi Kyau: Rarraba A Tsakanin Tafkunan Hakar Ma'adinai A Cikin Kudi na Cryptographic na Proof-of-Work

1. Gabatarwa
2. Bayanan Baya da Ayyukan Da suka Danganci
- 2.1 Tattalin Arzikin Tafkin Hakar Ma'adinai
- 2.2 Haɗari A Hakar Kudi na Cryptographic
3. Tsarin Bincike
4. Aiwatarwa da Sakamakon Gwaji
- 4.1 Aiwatarwar Python
- 4.2 Bincike na Tarihin Bitcoin
5. Binciken Fasaha da Tsarin Lissafi
6. Misalin Aiwar Lissafi
7. Ayyukan Nan Gaba da Hanyoyin Bincike
8. Nassoshi

1. Gabatarwa

Kudi na Cryptographic na Proof-of-Work (PoW) sun dogara da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai don tsaron blockchain da tabbatar da ma'amala. Juyin da aka samu daga hakar ma'adinai shi kaɗai zuwa tafkunan hakar ma'adinai ya canza yanayin yanayin kudi na cryptographic gaba ɗaya, yana haifar da damammaki da kuma haɗarin tattarawa. Wannan takarda tana magance babban ƙalubalen da masu hakar ma'adinai ɗaya ɗaya ke fuskanta: yadda za a rarraba albarkatun lissafi mafi kyau a tsakanin tafkunan hakar ma'adinai da yawa don haɓaka ribar da aka daidaita haɗari yayin gudunmawa ga raba cibiyar sadarwa.

2. Bayanan Baya da Ayyukan Da suka Danganci

2.1 Tattalin Arzikin Tafkin Hakar Ma'adinai

Tafkunan hakar ma'adinai sun fito ne a matsayin martani ga ƙaruwar wahalar hakar ma'adinai da ƙwarewar kayan aiki. Tafkuna suna tattara albarkatun lissafi don samar da mafi dorewar lada ga mahalarta ta hanyar hanyoyin rarrabawa daban-daban da suka haɗa da na ɗangi, biyan-kowane-rabo, da tsarin tushen maki. Tattara ƙarfin hakar ma'adinai a cikin manyan tafkuna yana haifar da babbar barazana ga tsaron cibiyar sadarwa da ka'idojin rarrabawa.

2.2 Haɗari A Hakar Kudi na Cryptographic

Haɗarin hakar ma'adinai yana bayyana ta hanyar bambance-bambancen lada, amincin ma'aikacin tafkin, da saurin canjin farashin kudi na cryptographic. Dabarun hakar ma'adinai na gargajiya sau da yawa suna yin watsi da sarrafa haɗari, suna mai da hankali ne kawai kan ribar da ake tsammani. Hanyarmu ta haɗa da Ka'idar Fa'idar Zamani don magance waɗannan iyakoki.

3. Tsarin Bincike

3.1 Rarraba Kudi na Cryptographic Guda

Ga masu hakar ma'adinai da ke aiki a cikin kudi na cryptographic guda, muna ƙirƙira matsalar rarrabawa kamar haka: $\max_{x} U(x) = \mathbb{E}[R] - \frac{\gamma}{2} \sigma^2$ inda $x$ ke wakiltar rarraba ƙimar hash a cikin tafkuna, $\mathbb{E}[R]$ shine ribar da ake tsammani, $\gamma$ shine ma'aunin ƙin haɗari, kuma $\sigma^2$ shine bambance-bambancen lada.

3.2 Rarrawa Tsakanin Kudi na Cryptographic

Ana ƙarawa zuwa kudi na cryptographic da yawa waɗanda ke raba algorithm ɗaya na PoW, muna haɗa haɗin kai tsakanin ribar kudi na cryptographic daban-daban: $\sigma_p^2 = \sum_{i=1}^n \sum_{j=1}^n x_i x_j \sigma_{ij}$ inda $\sigma_{ij}$ ke wakiltar haɗin kai tsakanin lada na hakar ma'adinai na kudi na cryptographic i da j.

3.3 Rarraba Algorithm Da yawa

Ga masu hakar ma'adinai masu kayan aiki iri-iri waɗanda ke da ikon yin algorithm na PoW da yawa, muna ƙirƙira ingantaccen tsari yana la'akari da takurawa na musamman na algorithm da abubuwan haɗari na tsakanin algorithm.

4. Aiwatarwa da Sakamakon Gwaji

4.1 Aiwarwar Python

Kayan aikinmu na lissafi suna aiwatar da hanyar COBYLA (Ingantaccen Takurawa Ta Kusan Layi) don warware matsalar ingantaccen mara layi. Kayan aikin suna ɗaukar sigogi na musamman na mai hakar ma'adinai waɗanda suka haɗa da jimlar ƙarfin hash, matakin ƙin haɗari, da iyawar kayan aiki.

4.2 Bincike na Tarihin Bitcoin

Sakamakon gwaji ta amfani da bayanan tarihin Bitcoin ya nuna cewa dabarun hakar ma'adinai da aka rarraba suna samun mafi girman ma'auni na Sharpe idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin da aka mai da hankali. Fa'idar da aka inganta ta nuna ribar da aka daidaita haɗari ya ƙaru da kashi 23% a cikin lokacin kimanta na watanni 6.

Ma'aunin Aiki

Fa'idar da aka Rarraba: Ma'auni na Sharpe = 1.47 | Dabarar da aka Mai da Hankali: Ma'auni na Sharpe = 1.19

5. Binciken Fasaha da Tsarin Lissafi

Tsarin lissafi na ainihin ya faɗaɗa Ka'idar Fa'idar Zamani ta Markowitz zuwa rarrabawar tafkin hakar ma'adinai. An tsara matsalar ingantawa kamar haka:

$\begin{aligned} \max_{x} & \quad \mu^T x - \frac{\gamma}{2} x^T \Sigma x \\ \text{s.t.} & \quad \sum_{i=1}^n x_i = H \\ & \quad x_i \geq 0 \quad \forall i \end{aligned}$

inda $\mu$ shine vector na ribar da ake tsammani a kowane rabon ƙimar hash, $\Sigma$ shine matrix na haɗin kai na lada na tafkin, $H$ shine jimlar ƙimar hash da ake da ita, kuma $x$ shine vector ɗin rarrabawa.

6. Misalin Aiwar Lissafi

import numpy as np
from scipy.optimize import minimize

def mining_optimization(expected_returns, covariance_matrix, total_hashrate, risk_aversion):
    n_pools = len(expected_returns)
    
    # Aikin manufa: maras ingantaccen amfani (don ragewa)
    def objective(x):
        portfolio_return = np.dot(expected_returns, x)
        portfolio_variance = np.dot(x.T, np.dot(covariance_matrix, x))
        utility = portfolio_return - 0.5 * risk_aversion * portfolio_variance
        return -utility
    
    # Takurawa: jimlar rarrabawa daidai yake da jimlar ƙimar hash
    constraints = ({'type': 'eq', 'fun': lambda x: np.sum(x) - total_hashrate})
    
    # Iyaka: dole ne rarrabawa su zama marasa kyau
    bounds = [(0, None) for _ in range(n_pools)]
    
    # Zato na farko: rarrabawa daidai
    x0 = np.ones(n_pools) * total_hashrate / n_pools
    
    # Ingantawa
    result = minimize(objective, x0, method='COBYLA', 
                     bounds=bounds, constraints=constraints)
    
    return result.x

7. Ayyukan Nan Gaba da Hanyoyin Bincike

Za a iya faɗaɗa tsarin zuwa ka'idojin tafkin hakar ma'adinai na rarrabawa, dabarun hakar ma'adinai na tsakanin sarkar, da haɗawa tare da ingantaccen yawan amfanin kuɗi na rarrabawa (DeFi). Bincike na gaba yakamata ya magance zaɓin tafkin da yake canzawa, ƙididdiga na ainihin lokaci, da hanyoyin koyon inji don ingantaccen tsinkaya.

8. Nassoshi

Chatzigiannis, P., Baldimtsi, F., Griva, I., & Li, J. (2022). Rarraba A Tsakanin Tafkunan Hakar Ma'adinai: Dabarun Hakar Ma'adinai Mafi Kyau a Ƙarƙashin PoW. arXiv:1905.04624v3
Markowitz, H. (1952). Zaɓin Fa'ida. Jaridar Kuɗi, 7(1), 77-91.
Cong, L. W., He, Z., & Li, J. (2021). Hakar Ma'adinai Na Rarrabawa A Cikin Tafkunan Taro. Bita na Nazarin Kuɗi, 34(3), 1191-1235.
Powell, M. J. D. (1994). Hanyar ingantaccen bincike kai tsaye wanda ke ƙirƙira ayyukan manufa da takurawa ta hanyar shiga tsakani na layi. Ci gaban Ingantawa da Nazarin Lamba, 51-67.

Bincike na Asali

Wannan bincike yana wakiltar ci gaba mai muhimmanci a cikin ingantaccen hakar ma'adinai na cryptographic ta hanyar aiwatar da Ka'idar Fa'idar Zamani a tsarin zuwa matsalar zaɓin tafkin hakar ma'adinai. Hanyar marubutan ta magance wata muhimmiyar gibi a cikin wallafe-wallafen dabarun hakar ma'adinai, wanda a al'ada yake mai da hankali kan ingantaccen fasaha maimakon ingantaccen kuɗi. Ƙwararrun lissafi na tsarin, musamman faɗaɗar ingantaccen bambance-bambancen na Markowitz zuwa rarrabawar ƙimar hash, yana samar da ingantaccen tushe na ka'ida don yanke shawara na hakar ma'adinai na aiki.

Gudunmawar takardar tana da mahimmanci musamman a cikin mahallin ƙaruwar damuwa game da tattarawa a manyan kudi na cryptographic na PoW. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin rahoton Majalisar Hakar Ma'adinai ta Bitcoin na Q3 2022, manyan tafkunan hakar ma'adinai 5 suna sarrafa kusan kashi 65% na jimlar ƙimar hash na Bitcoin, yana haifar da haɗari na tsarin. Ta ba masu hakar ma'adinai ɗaya ɗaya damar inganta rarrabawar tafkin su, wannan binciken a kaikaice yana inganta rarrabawar cibiyar sadarwa—wani muhimmin abu don tsaron blockchain da juriya ga hare-haren kashi 51%.

Ta fuskar fasaha, zaɓin aiwatar da COBYLA yana da hujja sosai idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin ingantaccen matsalar da aka takura, mara layi. Duk da haka, juzu'i na gaba zai iya amfana daga haɗa hanyoyin ingantaccen tsari don yin la'akari da yanayin canzawan lokaci na sigogi na tafkin. Tabbatar da gwaji ta amfani da bayanan tarihin Bitcoin yana ba da shaida mai ƙarfi don amfanin aiki na hanyar, ko da yake tabbatarwa mai faɗi a cikin kudi na cryptographic da yawa zai ƙarfafa binciken.

Idan aka kwatanta da ingantaccen fa'idar kuɗi na gargajiya, rarrabawar tafkin hakar ma'adinai yana gabatar da ƙalubale na musamman waɗanda suka haɗa da haɗarin ma'aikacin tafkin, rikitarwar hanyar lada, da yanayin rashin ruwa na saka hannun jari na hakar ma'adinai. Marubutan sun yi nasarar daidaita lissafin kuɗi na gargajiya zuwa wannan sabon yanki, suna ƙirƙira hanyar haɗin kai tsakanin ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na cryptographic da kuɗin ƙididdiga. Wannan hanyar tsakanin sassa ta dace da sabbin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin binciken blockchain waɗanda ke ƙara zana daga ingantattun ka'idojin kuɗi da tattalin arziki.

Iyakar tsarin, musamman game da ƙididdiga na sigogi masu canzawa da ingantaccen ainihin lokaci, suna ba da dama don bincike na gaba. Haɗawa tare da dabarun koyon inji don ƙididdiga na sigogi na tsinkaya, kama da hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a cinikin algorithm, zai iya haɓaka dacewar aikin ƙirar. Bugu da ƙari, fitowar ka'idojin hakar ma'adinai na rarrabawa da kayan aikin hakar ma'adinai na tsakanin sarkar da alama za su haifar da sabbin matakan ingantawa waɗanda sigar wannan tsarin na gaba zai iya magance.

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